Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using bioactive compounds from the Amycolatopsis roodepoortensis strain EA7 and their effects in the HT-29 cell line

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted because of their non-toxic abilities. We reported the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via an extract of the Amycolatopsis roodepoortensis strain EA7. Their physical characteristics were investigated with XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, DLS, EDX, and zeta potential analyses. The toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated via antimicrobial and the MTT assays in the HT-29, HEK293, and HDF1BOM cell lines.The expression levels of genes related to apoptosis (ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2), anti apoptose (MMP-9 and Bcl-2), cell death, and cell cycle distribution were determined in the HT-29 cell line. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibited stronger antibacterial efficacy against clinical and standard Staphylococcus aureus (250 and 125 μg/mL) than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (500 μg/mL) by the MIC assay. The anticancer effects of these nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated a dose‒dependent relationship against HT-29, HEK-293, and HDF1BOM cell lines. The IC 50 values were determined to be 47 , 32.88, and 81.37 μg/mL for the HT-29, HEK293, and HDF1BOM cell lines, respectively. The levels of genes related to apoptosis (ATM = 2.35 ± 0.293, ATR = 2.87 ± 0.280, CHK1 = 3.67 ± 0.378, and CHK2 = 5.86 ± 0.495) were significantly increased compared to the control (P ≤ 0.0001). However, no significant decrease was observed in the expression of genes associated with cancer development. Flow-cytometric analysis revealed apoptosis induction (P ≤ 0.001) and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in the HT-29 cells. Given the results presented, this research could be an important step towards further investigations and the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutics.