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Science / Tue, 14 Jul 2026 Nature

Climate smart agricultural practices reduce technical inefficiency among smallholder vegetable farmers in Northwest Ethiopia

Ethics approvalThis study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee (RERC) at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Bahir Dar University as the approving authorities. The protocol was approved by RERC of College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Bahir Dar University. Before data collection, participants were provided with detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and benefits. For this study informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the study.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee (RERC) at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Bahir Dar University as the approving authorities. All procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The protocol was approved by RERC of College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Bahir Dar University. The reference number for the approval is RERC-CAES/28.2/BDU 150/147.

Consent to participate

The study did not involve the use of human or animal tissues. All participants were adults (≥ 18 years of age). Before data collection, participants were provided with detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and benefits. For this study informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the study.

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